Introduction

The outbreak of CODIV-19 has caused employment crisis worldwide as the virus is claiming thousands of lives and sickening a millions. The virus is causing global economic, social, health, and economic disruptions. The International Labour Organization has an estimate that up to 25 million jobs could be lost worldwide. In addition to the possible unemployment crisis, the safety and health of workers are at risk. Following the declaration of the virus as a Public Emergence of  International Concern  and pandemic by World Health Organization, countries are taking different measures including partial or full lockdown. Ethiopia is not an exception to this crisis, and the same measures are being taken by the government.

In the first part, I discussed some issues under the draft proclamation. This includes arbitrability of administrative contract, competency-competency, separability doctrine, pauper proceeding, appeal and the standard to challenge the arbitrators. In this part, I will briefly discuss the court's role in arbitration proceedings, the New York Convention, and the nature and impartiality of the Center as envisaged under the draft proclamation.

ዓለማችን ላይ የፈረንጆቹ 2020 የተወሳሰቡ ችግሮችን ይዞባት መጥቷል፡፡ ከቻይና ውሃን በትንሹ ተነስቶ በወራት ውስጥ ዓለምን ካዳረሰው የኮሮና ቫይረስ የሚስተካከል ችግር ግን ይመጣል ብሎ የገመተ አልነበረም፡፡ ይህ ቫይረስ በቀጥታ በሰው ልጆች ጤና እና ህይዎት ላይ እያሰከተለ ከሚገኘው ኪሳራ እና ውድመት በሚስተካከል ደረጃ ማህበራዊ እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ችግሮችንም እያስከተለ ይገኛል፡፡ ከአሜሪካ ስቶክ ማርኬት እስከ ኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ፤ ከአውሮፓዊያኑ የንግድ ልውውጦች እስከ ኢትዮጵያ የአበባ ንግድ፤ ከካናድ የጥራጣሬ ግብይት እስከ አዲስ አበባ የአትክልት ተራ ንግድ ድረስ ብዙ መመስቃቀሎችን እያስከተለ ይገኛል፡፡ በዚህ መመሰቃቀል ውስጥ ብዙ አካላት ተጎጂ የሚሆኑ ቢሆንም በተለያዩ ሁኔታዎች ላይ ተቀጥረው እንደሚሰሩ ሰራተኞች ግን የችግሩ ቀጥተኛ ገፈት ቀማሽ አይገኝም፡፡ በተለይ ከአሜሪካ የቅጥር ገባያ እየሰማን እንዳለነው ብዙ ድርጅቶች ሰራተኞቻቸውን እየቀነሱ እያጋጠማቸው ያለውን የገንዘብ እጥረት በማቃለል ላይ ይገኛሉ፡፡ ይህ በሀገሪቱ የሚገኘውን የሥራ አጥ ቁጥር ወደ ስላሳ በመቶ እያደረሰው ይገኛል፡፡ ይህ ችግር ወደ ኢትዮጵያ መከሰቱ የማይቀር ነው፡፡ ብዙ የግል ድርጅቶች ስራቸውን ሙሉ ለሙሉ እያቆሙ በሚገኝበት በዚህ ጊዜ የሠራተኛን የደሞዝ ወጪ ያለምንም ችግር የመሸፈን አቅም ይኖራቸዋል ተብሎ አይጠበቅም፡፡ 

Due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Ethiopia, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed announced the government’s decision to close schools and the banning of all sports events and large public gatherings for the next fifteen days. The decision was made after the government has confirmed a total of five cases on Monday, March 16, 2020. Going forward, the government is expected to take measures, which will have an adverse effect on the constitutional and legislative rights of health professionals, customs officers and the general public. In this article, I will discuss some of the possible limitations on the rights of these people and possible measures that the government is entitled to take in case of disobedience.

When we come to commercial dispute which arise out of not respecting contractual obligations by one or more parties, settlement of dispute through court come in the for front. However, the existing Ethiopian court system is extremely sluggish, rigid and expensive. On the contrary arbitration is praised for its speedy proceeding, flexible process, confidentiality of the proceeding, finality of dispute which ultimately saves time and money. Although there are some critics against the heart of the system, arbitration stands out as one of the most popular means of dispute settlement mechanism.

Introduction

The century we are living in is the age of information and communication technology. Increased use of these electronic communications improve the efficiency of commercial activities, enhances trade connections and allows new access opportunities for previously remote parties and markets, thus playing a fundamental role in promoting trade and economic development, both domestically and internationally.

The House of Peoples Representatives has approved the infamous Excise Tax Proclamation (The Proclamation) last Thursday, February 13, 2020. Within hours from the approval of the proclamation, Ministry of Revenues have written a letter to manufacturers of excisable goods stating that the proclamation will be implemented starting from February 14, 2020, which in effect violates both the FDRE Constitution and Negarit Gazeta Establishment Proclamation. The proclamation has not yet been published in the Negarit Gazeta and there are notorious discrepancies between the Amharic and English versions. In addition, with no transition time given to the manufacturers, they are forced to prepare manual invoices, which separately shows the amount of excise tax payable in the transaction as the new law requires the amount of excise tax should be separately shown in the invoice.

ለአንድ ሀገር ሰላም፣ ዲሞክራሲ፣ የሕግ የበላይነትና ፍትሕ መረጋገጥ እንዲሁም ሰብዓዊ መብቶች መከበር በሕግ አግባብ የተቋቋሙ ገለልተኛ፣ ነፃ፣ ተጠያቂነት ያለባቸው እና በሕዝብ ዘንድ አመኔታን ያተረፉ ፍርድ ቤቶች ሚና የጎላ እንደሆነ አያጠያይቅም፡፡ ያለሕግ እና ያለፍርድ ቤቶች ሰላም፣ ዲሞክራሲ፣ የሕግ የበላይነትና ፍትሕ በአንድ ሀገር ውስጥ ይኖራል ብሎ መገመት አይቻልም፡፡

1. Introduction

Risk is part of every human endeavor. From the moment we get up in the morning, drive or take public transportation to get to school or to work until we get back into our beds (and perhaps even afterward), we are exposed to risks of different degrees. What makes the study of risk fascinating is that while some of this risk-bearing may not be completely voluntary, we seek out some risks on our own (speeding on the highways or gambling, for instance) and enjoy them. While some of these risks may seem trivial, others make a significant difference in the way we live our lives.

ስለ ዜግነት አዎጁ በፃፍኩት ጽሑፍ ላይ አቶ ግዛዉ ለገሰ የተባሉ የሕግ ባለሙያ የፃፉት ምላሽ ደርሶኝ ተመለከትኩት፡፡ (የአቶ ግዛው ለገሰ ጽሑፍን ለማግኘት ይህንን ይጫኑ፡፡ ) በመጀመሪያ ጸሐፊው የሕግ ባለሙያ እንደመሆናቸውም ብሎም ጽሑፉን ያወጡት እሳቸው ስላልተስማሙበት የሕግ ጽሑፍ ምላሽ ለመስጠት እንደ መሆኑ አቶ ጀዋር መሐመድን ለመደገፍ አልፃፍኩትም ለማለት አቶ ጀዋር የራሱ ጉዳይ ብለው ጽሑፉን መጀመራቸው፤ በጽሑፉ ውስጥ ለተነሱ እያንዳንዱ ክርክሮች ተገቢውን የሕግ ክርክር ከማንሳት ይልቅ በአመዛኙ በተራ የአዋቃለሁ ባይነት ጉራ ተሞልተው እኩይ ሴራ የሚሉ ያልተገቡ ቃላቶች መጠቀማቸው ብሎም በጽሑፉ ውስጥ  ለድምዳሜቸው ማስረጃ አድርገው ስላቀረቡት የሕግ ግምት (presumption of law) ምንነት ያሉት ነገር አለመኖሩ እና ሃሳባቸው ልክ ስለመሆኑ የሚደግፍ የሕግ አስተምሮ ሳይጠቅሱ በደፈናው የሕግ ግምት ያልገባው የሚል የወረደ ምላሽ መስጠታቸው ከሙያ ሥነ-ምግባር የወጣ ተራ ብሽሽቅ የመሰለ መውረድ ሆኖ አግንቼዋለሁ፡፡ በተለይ ደግሞ የመጀመሪየው ጽሑፍ በግልፅ ዜግነትን መልሶ ስለማግኘት ላይ ብቻ አተኮሮ እንደተፃፈ በተገለፀበት ሁኔታ ከጉዳዩ ጋር ግንኙነት ስለሌላቸው እንደ በሕግ ዜግነት ስለማግኘት የመሳሰሉ ለምላሹ ፋይዳ በሌላቸው ዝርዝሮች ላይ ማተኮራቸውም አስቀድመው ላልተስማሙበት ጽሑፍ ተገቢውን ምላሽ ለመስጠት በቂ እድል ነፍጓቸዋል ጊዜያቸው አጥንቱን በመጋጥ ላይ መዋል ሲገባው መረቅ ለመጠጣት ውሏል፡፡